Living Will-Living Will Forms

Albert Einstein once said, “You cannot beat a roulette table unless you steal money from it.” Nonetheless, this does not stop many players to use different strategies in the hope that winning a round of live roulette will be made easier. There are a variety of different strategies one can apply when playing online live croupier roulette. I will mention the most well known strategies in hope to give some insight as how to play some players play a real roulette game online. However, keep in mind that in reality none of these strategies can truly overcome the casino’s house advantage. This is due to the fact that each expected value of a bet is negative.

The Martingale was designed for the gambler to double his or her bet after every loss, so that when the gambler finally wins, he or she would recover all of the previous losses and succeed in winning a profit equal to the original bet. As one can imagine, the exponential growth of the bets needed to be wagered would sooner or later bankrupt players who choose to use the Martingale system. Nowadays, this system is obsolete since modern day live casinos with real dealers, have betting limits at the roulette wheels. So, this system does not threat todays online live casinos.

Another strategy is the Fibonacci strategy. This strategy is based on the Fibonacci sequence where bets are calculated using the first two numbers of the sequence, zero and one. After these two values, the following numbers are calculated by the sum of the two proceeding numbers. The following constitute part of the Fibonacci sequence, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, 987, 1597, 2584, 4181, 6765 and so on. Again, this betting system does not apply since live casinos define betting limits at the live croupier roulette wheels.

The Labouchere system is much like the Martingale betting system, but it does not entail the player to risk his chips as dramatically as double ups. The Labouchere system uses a series of numbers in a line to decide the wager. This betting system involves adding the numbers at the front and end of a line in order to establish the next bet amount. When a player wins a roulette game, he or she crosses out the outside numbers and continues to work on the smaller line. When the player loses at the live roulette game then he or she adds the loosing bet to the end of the line and works on the now longer line. Using this system there is space for the roulette player to design the initial betting line to his or her own roulette gaming course of action.

Another method to place bets when playing live casino roulette is the D`Alembert system, or upwards and downwards. It is also called the pyramid system. This roulette betting system is mainly applied to the 1 to 1 outside bets. These are the Even or Odd bets, Black or Red bets, or 1 to 18 bets or 19 to 36 bets. This system is best for roulette players who want to keep their wagers to a minimum with low risk. This is how it works, after each loss one currency is added to the next bet, and after each win one currency is subtracted from the next bet. So, if we start with 9 and loose, the next bet would be 10. If we win with betting 9, then our next bet is 8, and so forth.

Next we have the dozen bets when playing with an online live casino. When playing live dealer roulette, we can play with single dozen bets or double dozen bets. The first is when the online player starts placing bets with the live casinos roulette table minimum to the roulette table maximum. The goal is to win with a single dozen bet before the betting list ends. The double dozen bet variation uses two dozen bets and divides the betting list (from the roulette table minimum to the maximum allowed bet) in half.

Finally, when you feel like you need to use a strategy to play real roulette with a live casino with real live dealers you also have the option to use the 1st. and 3rd. column strategy. In order to take advantage of this betting system the player needs to bet two pieces on the 1st. column and the 3rd. column, and bet two pieces on Black will make sure the color black is covered. Using this system in live casinos covers almost all of the numbers in the live roulette game, except for 4 red numbers in the 2nd. Column and the single zero slot.



By: Sofia Hill

About the Author:

Janae Dowding

The pioneer live dealer casino was pretty successful in leading all the otheronline casinos with live dealers that followed towards an innovative run of online casino fun. It certainly wasn’t easy for the very first live online casino with live dealers to start a new mentality of online gambling without knowing that it would catch on. These live dealer games was also in danger of several technical difficulties as it involved live video feeds, which is highly vulernable to problems. Dublin Bet Casino, as one of the first online casino that introduced the live dealer feature solved all these challenges and started what proved to be a breakthrough in online gambling. Soon enough, many other online casinos did the same. It wasn’t long until, the live dealer video feeds was well on its way to becoming the standard in online casino games.

The orginal live online casino opened its doors to a fully interactive online gaming sensation where casino players can play and chat with the casino dealers that deal the game. Through live web cam video feed of a real live casino game, the casino player gets to play a full-featured casino game, complete with online sounds and fair play. A lot of casino players were doubtful about the of the online casinos, which is the reason why a bunch of fun seeking players find online casinos lots of fun to play, but not for real dollar games. Due to the onset of live dealer games, there was no reason to doubt the accuracy of game results. All the games are based on actual results, so there is no way you’ll get beaten by a computer without you even getting a chance. Due to the live dealer feature, you are sure you are playing by the real odds of the game, and the live dealers will motivate you even more.

The entire concept started when the internet was found to be a promising means of communicating. It did not take long for people to invent a way to put the gamble online. Microgaming was the first to design the online live video concept. When it started, it was mainly about fun games, but not really about gambling, at the time, since allowing monetary gambling online was still not possible. As soon as a company called CryptoLogic came up with a way to make monetary gambling possible, the rest was history. A lot of online casinos became popular, and people all over the world started playing online, playing for money at an online casino a popular experience. One casino feature was still missing, and it was the live video what finally led people to want more real likeness of a real casino than just an online game.

Finally, with the advent of live video technology, the live dealer games became possible. Online casinos picked three top favorite games and created fantastic live dealer games out of them. From common casino game, they added a window that displayed the live webcast with live dealer sounds. They also installed the chat option, to make gaming even more satisfying. With it, players can always communicate with the live casino dealers even in the middle of a game. The live dealer version of the three most played casino games is available. The most common games are baccarat, live blackjack, and live roulette. Actually, when people want to play these live games online, the simple online version is just not enough anymore. The casino games with a real dealer makes the experience complete.



By: Dan The Poker Man

About the Author:

Britta Belleau

Nude models performing for you through live *** cams can be a very rewarding and pleasurable experience.  It is not surprising anymore to find thousands of online *** chat services competing for your attention.  However, some *** chat services use bot girls and present them to you as live girls.  Here are several tips how you can avoid live *** cams with bot girls so you can enjoy the real company of **** live girls for a most fulfilling live chat.

Bot girls are actually real women, they are not robots.  This only means that the girl chatting with you has been pre-recorded by the *** chat site.  Actually you are being conned by this kind of practice because you are made to believe that you are chatting with live girls.  What you will see on the screen is a prerecorded video of a **** model and you will not be able to chat properly with her.  That’s because the recorded video is being streamed to you remotely or by someone else who administer the online *** show.  That is why you have to be very choosy when getting the services of live *** cams site.

To be sure that you will be chatting with real live girls, the first thing you have to do is to find a reputable and well established live *** cams site.  One of the best sites out there is Scores Live.  Scores Live is the top online gentlemen’s club that offers lovely models.  These models are live girls and they will chat and perform for you in real time.  The reputation of Scores Live in this area is unblemished.  In fact, Scores Live has been operating a chain of gentlemen’s club across the United States.  This makes it a reliable provider of online live *** cams shows because of its extensive experience in the adult entertainment industry.

The live girls at Scores Live will interact and socialize with you.  If you are a free member of the site, you can access a public chat room where the live girls will entertain you with their charm and wit.  In fact, you can see the girls typing the message on their keyboards to answer the messages of chatters.  You will see them laugh, smile, wave at you, and trade witty message with you.  You will definitely enjoy fun and **** moments if you get into the public chat rooms of Scores Live.  All these benefits you can get from the free services of Scores Live.  You can enter different chat rooms and find out which among its lovely **** models can give you a good time.

Once you choose a model, you can invite her to a private chat.  All online **** models at Scores Live can be invited to a private chat.  They will be more than glad to give you the best live *** cams experience you want.  To invite live girls to a private chat, you need to buy time from the site.  Simply click the buy time button and you can purchase the amount of time you need.  Time credits will be transferred to your account and you can use these to enjoy a private moment with **** live girls.  A one on one live *** cams show can be very ****** thus fulfilling your immediate sexual fantasies.



By: Clint Jhonson

About the Author:

Lorean Eberst

Furnishing a living room is tricky by itself, furnishing a dark living room gets even trickier. A dark living room requires more attention because it all depends with how you use your living room furniture to ensure the place is looks warm and inviting. Normally, the living room is where you entertain the visitors hence you should not only make it appear bright and comfortable but also elegant. Your living room furniture should therefore match every detailed aspect of the entire living space. Identifying the space you are working with in the living room will make all the difference. For instance, if you have a large dark living room, you can decide to paint all the walls a different color from what is featured in your living room furniture styles. For example, if oak furniture is more outstanding in your living room furniture style, paint the walls a bright color such as a white motif. This is because oak furniture appear dark hence a bright colored wall will compliment the living room furniture. Similarly, you may be working with a small living room and your living room furniture features pine furniture. Choose a particular wall to paint a darker color, because pine furniture appears bright in nature and leave the other walls bright, this will not only brighten the house, but the dark color will help kill too much brightness. Bear in mind that space is what will determine how you furnish your dark living room. When the space is limited, resort to light furniture like pine furniture to visually provide a lot more room whereas dark furniture such as oak furniture visually shrinks the place. Another thing that will help you furnish a dark living room is including wall mirrors in your living room furniture selection. This equally will depend on the living room furniture styles that you have selected. The aim is to make your dark living room appear as warm and welcoming as possible. Strategically placing the mirrors in well lit areas which will help reflect some light in your living room. This works especially well when you are using oak furniture, where you can place the mirror across a bright colored wall to reflect light to other areas of the living room. Today, some living room furniture styles come with spaces to fit modern lamps whereby a cabinet can have compartments where you can put your lamp, or better still spread lamps across the living room by placing them on side tables. The effect of the light should create some elegance in your dark living room. The colors of the living room furniture and the light effects will create some variations and the results will be an amazing welcoming living room. Basically, furnishing a dark living room is not limited to specific living room furniture styles; the secret is matching and complimenting your choice of living room furniture with the walls and accessories that you use to come up with an elegant, lively, warm living room.



By: jamiehanson

About the Author:

Scotty Digiambattist

A Cost of Living Allowance (COLA) is a salary supplement paid to employees to cover differences in the cost of living, particularly as a result of an international assignment. 

The amount of COLA should enable an expatriate to be able to purchase the same basket of goods and services in the host location as they could in their home country. The basis for calculating a COLA is the Cost of Living Index (COLI) which indexes the costs of the same basket of goods and services in different geographic locations.  COLA is a simple accurate method of measuring fluctuating salary purchasing power and ensuring parity.

Cost of Living Index

Our cost of Living Indexes measure the cost of 230 products and services across 13 different basket groups in 276 cities across the globe.  The data is gathered by a team of research analysts who survey comparable items that are available internationally.  A minimum of 3 prices for the same brand/size/volume of product is used to determine the average price for each item in each location.  The items are priced on a quarterly basis and tend to rise and fall with inflation.  The 13 different basket categories are as follows:

 

Alcohol & Tobacco: Alcoholic beverages and tobacco products

Alcohol at Bar Beer Cigarettes Locally Produced Spirit Whiskey Wine

 

Clothing: Clothing and footwear products 

Business Suits Casual Clothing Children’s Clothing and footwear Coats and hats Evening Wear Shoe Repairs Underwear

 

Communication 

Home Telephone Rental and Call Charges Internet Connection and service provider fees Mobile / Cellular Phone Contract and Calls

 

Education 

Crèche / Pre-School Fees High School / College Fees Primary School Fees Tertiary Study Fees

 

Furniture & Appliances: Furniture, household equipment and household appliances 

DVD Player Fridge Freezer Iron Kettle, Toaster, Microwave Light Bulbs Television Vacuum Cleaner Washing Machine

 

Groceries: Food, non-alcoholic beverages and cleaning material 

Baby Consumables Baked Goods Baking Canned Foods Cheese Cleaning Products Dairy Fresh Fruits Fresh Vegetables Fruit Juices Frozen Meat Oil & Vinegars Pet Food Pre-Prepared Meals Sauces Seafood Snacks Soft Drinks Spices & Herbs

 

Healthcare: General Healthcare, Medical and Medical Insurance 

General Practitioner Consultation rates Hospital Private Ward Daily Rate Non-Prescription Medicine Private Medical Insurance / Medical Aid Contributions

 

Household: Housing, water, electricity, household gas, household fuels, local rates and residential taxes 

House / Flat Mortgage House / Flat Rental Household Electricity Consumption Household Gas / Fuel Consumption Household Water Consumption Local Property Rates / Taxes / Levies

 

Miscellaneous: Stationary, Linen and general goods and services 

Domestic Help Dry Cleaning Linen Office Supplies Newspapers and Magazines Postage Stamps

 

Personal Care: Personal Care products and services 

Cosmetics Haircare Moisturiser / Sun Block Nappies Pain Relief Tablets Toilet Paper Toothpaste Soap / Shampoo / Conditioner

 

Recreation and Culture 

Books Camera Film Cinema Ticket DVD and CD’s Sports goods Theatre Ticket

 

Restaurants, Meals Out and Hotels 

Business Dinner Dinner at Restaurant (non fast food) Hotel Rates Take Away Drinks & Snacks (fast Food)

 

Transport: Public Transport, Vehicle Costs, Vehicle Fuel, Vehicle Insurance and Vehicle Maintenance 

Hire Purchase / Lease of Vehicle Petrol / Diesel Public Transport Service Maintenance Tyres Vehicle Insurance Vehicle Purchase

 

Each basket category does not count equally and are weighted in the final calculation based on expatriate spending patterns.

In order to calculate an accurate cost of living index for a specific individual the basket items that are not relevant to the individual should be excluded from the calculation.  For example if education and housing is provided by the employer these basket categories would be excluded from the cost of living index calculation.  This increases the accuracy of the cost of living index and makes it possible for each individual to have their own customized cost of living index based on their specific arrangements rather than using an overall “generic” index which is likely to contains costs that are not relevant to the individual.

The formula for calculating the specific cost of living index for an international assignment is as follows:

Cost of Living Index = Customized Cost of Living Index for Host City / Customized Cost of Living Index for Home City

When moving to a higher cost of living host city, the index will be greater than 1 (positive).  When moving to a lower cost of living host city the index will be less than 1 (negative).  Where the index is negative it means that in real terms the cost of living in the host city is lower than the home city.  This means that if the negative index where to be applied to the employee’s salary, they would actually be paid proportionately less spendable salary in the host city.  It is important to note that the majority of organizations do not apply a negative cost of living index because it makes it difficult to persuade an employee to take up an assignment as they tend to see it as a reduction in salary. 

Examples of Cost of Living Index Calculations using our data:

Example 1) An Australian employee moving from Perth to London where healthcare and communication will be provided by the employer

More Expensive in London:

Alcohol & Tobacco +4.77% Clothing +21.85% Education +31.53% Furniture & Appliances +16.03% Groceries +16.35% Household +50.72% Miscellaneous +137.47% Personal Care +11.18% Recreation & Culture -6.82% Restaurants Meals Out and Hotels +34.99% Transport +19.80%

 

The overall difference in cost of living moving from Perth and London is +28.06%.

In this case the cost of living index is positive and would be applied as it is.

Example 2) A British employee moving from London to Mumbai where the employer will provide housing and education

More Expensive in Mumbai:

Alcohol & Tobacco -37.53% Clothing -9.58% Communication -44.92% Furniture & Appliances -19.31% Groceries -24.03% Healthcare -31.24% Miscellaneous -72.43% Personal Care -24.94% Recreation & Culture -35.73% Restaurants Meals Out and Hotels -33.11% Transport is -27.99%

 

The overall difference in cost of living moving from London Mumbai is -30.53%.

In this case the cost of living index is negative and would not be applied.

Net Spendable Salary

Differences in cost of living only impact the portion of the salary that is spendable in the host country.  Items in the home country such as retirement funding, medical insurance and other home based costs are not impacted by the cost of living in the host country.

To determine the Net Spendable Salary establish what amount / portion of the current salary (in home currency) is spent in maintaining the employee’s current standard of living / lifestyle.  What will the expatriate need to spend their salary on in the host country?  For example will accommodation be provided or will the employee pay rent, will healthcare be provided etc.  Deduct all items that are either provided in kind or are spendable in the home country.  Deduct the hypothetical amount of tax, social contributions and any other statutory deductions applicable in the home country from the Spendable Salary.  What is left is the Net Spendable Salary.

Cost of Living Allowance (COLA)

The formula for calculating the cost of living allowance using the above inputs is as follows:

 (Net Spendable Salary X Cost of Living Index X Hardship Index X Exchange Rate) less (Net Spendable Salary X Exchange Rate) = COLA

Examples of COLA Calculations using our data

Example 1) An Australian employee with a net spendable salary of AUD$100,000 moving from Perth to London where healthcare and communication will be provided by the employer

($100,000.00 X 1.2806 X 1 X 0.4768) less ($100,000.00 X 0.4768) = COLA of £13,379.44 (GBP)

Based on all the above factors a person would require a Cost of Living Allowance of £13,379.44 (GBP), in addition to their current salary of 100,000.00 Australian Dollar (AUD) to compensate for relocating from Perth to London. This Cost of Living Allowance compensates for the overall cost of living difference of +28.06% and the relative difference in hardship of 0%.

Example 2) A British employee with a net spendable salary of £18,000 moving from London to Mumbai where the employer will provide housing and education

Note: Because the Cost of Living Index is negative it is not applied.

(£18,000.00 X 1 X 1.3 X 67.2852) less (£18,000.00 X67.2852) = COLA of 363,340.32 Indian Rupee

Based on all the above factors a person would require a Cost of Living Allowance of 363,340.32 (INR ), in addition to their current salary of £18,000.00 British Pound (GBP ) to compensate for relocating from London to Mumbai. This Cost of Living Allowance compensates for the overall cost of living difference of [-30.53%] and the relative difference in hardship of 30%.

COLA Payment

The COLA is paid as a salary supplement (i.e. as an additional allowance) net of tax in the host country.  If the COLA is a taxable allowance in the host country it should be grossed up in order that the full amount of calculated COLA is paid net of tax given that the basis of the calculation is Net Spendable Salary.  The COLA is often accompanied by other allowances and benefits such as flights home, relocation / settling in allowance, and furnishing allowance.

Exchange Rate Fluctuations

Significant changes in the exchange rate can make a considerable difference in the COLA calculation.  In 2008 some of the major global exchange rates changed by as much as 30-40%.

The cost of living index reflects the changes caused by inflation and exchange rates.  In the short-term there may be disequilibrium between inflation and the exchange rate (the one pushes the other), however over time the cost of living index provides the most accurate view of the cost of living.

It is important to remind expatriates that when the cost of living difference is negative, and the negative value has not been applied, they have higher purchasing power in the host country than they would at home.

Where a negative cost of living index has not been applied (our recommended approach), and a change in the exchange rate indicates an upward adjustment in COLA may be required, it is recommended that the COLA should not be adjusted upward until the cost of living index becomes positive i.e. the cost of living reflects that there is a “real” increase in cost of living between home and host countries.  This may mean that their would be no increase in the COLA as a result of exchange rate fluctuations for some considerable time.  During this time the employee’s purchasing power decreases.  But it is important to remember that until the cost of living difference becomes positive, the individual will still have a higher purchasing power than they do in their home country.

It is advisable to stipulate a currency protection rule, rather than reacting to every fluctuation in the exchange rate.  For example the rule may state that COLA will be reviewed if exchange rates or local inflation move by more than +10% during a year.  It is important to keep in mind that the prices of goods and services are unlikely to drop in local currency.  This would only occur in a period of deflation (negative inflation).  Therefore the currency protection rule would normally make provision for upward adjustments in COLA and not downward adjustments during an employee’s assignment.  Downward adjustments to an existing COLA due to exchange rate fluctuations without a corresponding drop in the prices of local goods and services puts immense pressure on an employee’s host currency budget commitments and can lead to the employee experiencing financial difficulty.

Using an independent service provider provides an independent, objective basis for determining an employee’s COLA.

We recommend therefore that a COLA is calculated by applying the specific (customized) cost of living index to the net spendable salary at the beginning of the assignment and monitoring exchange rate fluctuations thereafter in addition to the annual salary review.



By: Steven Coleman

About the Author:

Elena

A Cost of Living Allowance (COLA) is a salary supplement paid to employees to cover differences in the cost of living, particularly as a result of an international assignment.

The amount of COLA should enable an expatriate to be able to purchase the same basket of goods and services in the host location as they could in their home country. The basis for calculating a COLA is the Cost of Living Index (COLI) which indexes the costs of the same basket of goods and services in different geographic locations. COLA is a simple accurate method of measuring fluctuating salary purchasing power and ensuring parity.

Cost of Living Index

Our cost of Living Indexes measure the cost of 230 products and services across 13 different basket groups in 276 cities across the globe. The data is gathered by a team of research analysts who survey comparable items that are available internationally. A minimum of 3 prices for the same brand/size/volume of product is used to determine the average price for each item in each location. The items are priced on a quarterly basis and tend to rise and fall with inflation. The 13 different basket categories are as follows:

?Alcohol & Tobacco: Alcoholic beverages and tobacco products

oAlcohol at Bar

oBeer

oCigarettes

oLocally Produced Spirit

oWhiskey

oWine

?Clothing: Clothing and footwear products

oBusiness Suits

oCasual Clothing

oChildren’s Clothing and footwear

oCoats and hats

oEvening Wear

oShoe Repairs

oUnderwear

?Communication

oHome Telephone Rental and Call Charges

oInternet Connection and service provider fees

oMobile / Cellular Phone Contract and Calls

?Education

oCrèche / Pre-School Fees

oHigh School / College Fees

oPrimary School Fees

oTertiary Study Fees

?Furniture & Appliances: Furniture, household equipment and household appliances

oDVD Player

oFridge Freezer

oIron

oKettle, Toaster, Microwave

oLight Bulbs

oTelevision

oVacuum Cleaner

oWashing Machine

?Groceries: Food, non-alcoholic beverages and cleaning material

oBaby Consumables

oBaked Goods

oBaking

oCanned Foods

oCheese

oCleaning Products

oDairy

oFresh Fruits

oFresh Vegetables

oFruit Juices

oFrozen

oMeat

oOil & Vinegars

oPet Food

oPre-Prepared Meals

oSauces

oSeafood

oSnacks

oSoft Drinks

oSpices & Herbs

?Healthcare: General Healthcare, Medical and Medical Insurance

oGeneral Practitioner Consultation rates

oHospital Private Ward Daily Rate

oNon-Prescription Medicine

oPrivate Medical Insurance / Medical Aid Contributions

?Household: Housing, water, electricity, household gas, household fuels, local rates and residential taxes

oHouse / Flat Mortgage

oHouse / Flat Rental

oHousehold Electricity Consumption

oHousehold Gas / Fuel Consumption

oHousehold Water Consumption

oLocal Property Rates / Taxes / Levies

?Miscellaneous: Stationary, Linen and general goods and services

oDomestic Help

oDry Cleaning

oLinen

oOffice Supplies

oNewspapers and Magazines

oPostage Stamps

?Personal Care: Personal Care products and services

oCosmetics

oHaircare

oMoisturiser / Sun Block

oNappies

oPain Relief Tablets

oToilet Paper

oToothpaste

oSoap / Shampoo / Conditioner

?Recreation and Culture

oBooks

oCamera Film

oCinema Ticket

oDVD and CD’s

oSports goods

oTheatre Ticket

?Restaurants, Meals Out and Hotels

oBusiness Dinner

oDinner at Restaurant (non fast food)

oHotel Rates

oTake Away Drinks & Snacks (fast Food)

?Transport: Public Transport, Vehicle Costs, Vehicle Fuel, Vehicle Insurance and Vehicle Maintenance

oHire Purchase / Lease of Vehicle

oPetrol / Diesel

oPublic Transport

oService Maintenance

oTyres

oVehicle Insurance

oVehicle Purchase

Each basket category does not count equally and are weighted in the final calculation based on expatriate spending patterns.

In order to calculate an accurate cost of living index for a specific individual the basket items that are not relevant to the individual should be excluded from the calculation. For example if education and housing is provided by the employer these basket categories would be excluded from the cost of living index calculation. This increases the accuracy of the cost of living index and makes it possible for each individual to have their own customized cost of living index based on their specific arrangements rather than using an overall “generic” index which is likely to contains costs that are not relevant to the individual.

The formula for calculating the specific cost of living index for an international assignment is as follows:

Cost of Living Index = Customized Cost of Living Index for Host City / Customized Cost of Living Index for Home City

When moving to a higher cost of living host city, the index will be greater than 1 (positive). When moving to a lower cost of living host city the index will be less than 1 (negative). Where the index is negative it means that in real terms the cost of living in the host city is lower than the home city. This means that if the negative index where to be applied to the employee’s salary, they would actually be paid proportionately less spendable salary in the host city. It is important to note that the majority of organizations do not apply a negative cost of living index because it makes it difficult to persuade an employee to take up an assignment as they tend to see it as a reduction in salary.

Examples of Cost of Living Index Calculations using our data:

Example 1) An Australian employee moving from Perth to London where healthcare and communication will be provided by the employer

More Expensive in London:

?Alcohol & Tobacco +4.77%

?Clothing +21.85%

?Education +31.53%

?Furniture & Appliances +16.03%

?Groceries +16.35%

?Household +50.72%

?Miscellaneous +137.47%

?Personal Care +11.18%

?Recreation & Culture -6.82%

?Restaurants Meals Out and Hotels +34.99%

?Transport +19.80%

The overall difference in cost of living moving from Perth and London is +28.06%.

In this case the cost of living index is positive and would be applied as it is.

Example 2) A British employee moving from London to Mumbai where the employer will provide housing and education

More Expensive in Mumbai:

Alcohol & Tobacco -37.53%

Clothing -9.58%

Communication -44.92%

Furniture & Appliances -19.31%

Groceries -24.03%

Healthcare -31.24%

Miscellaneous -72.43%

Personal Care -24.94%

Recreation & Culture -35.73%

Restaurants Meals Out and Hotels -33.11%

Transport is -27.99%

The overall difference in cost of living moving from London Mumbai is -30.53%.

In this case the cost of living index is negative and would not be applied.

Net Spendable Salary

Differences in cost of living only impact the portion of the salary that is spendable in the host country. Items in the home country such as retirement funding, medical insurance and other home based costs are not impacted by the cost of living in the host country.

To determine the Net Spendable Salary establish what amount / portion of the current salary (in home currency) is spent in maintaining the employee’s current standard of living / lifestyle. What will the expatriate need to spend their salary on in the host country? For example will accommodation be provided or will the employee pay rent, will healthcare be provided etc. Deduct all items that are either provided in kind or are spendable in the home country. Deduct the hypothetical amount of tax, social contributions and any other statutory deductions applicable in the home country from the Spendable Salary. What is left is the Net Spendable Salary.

Cost of Living Allowance (COLA)

The formula for calculating the cost of living allowance using the above inputs is as follows:

(Net Spendable Salary X Cost of Living Index X Hardship Index X Exchange Rate) less (Net Spendable Salary X Exchange Rate) = COLA

Examples of COLA Calculations using our data

Example 1) An Australian employee with a net spendable salary of AUD$100,000 moving from Perth to London where healthcare and communication will be provided by the employer

($100,000.00 X 1.2806 X 1 X 0.4768) less ($100,000.00 X 0.4768) = COLA of £13,379.44 (GBP)

Based on all the above factors a person would require a Cost of Living Allowance of £13,379.44 (GBP), in addition to their current salary of 100,000.00 Australian Dollar (AUD) to compensate for relocating from Perth to London. This Cost of Living Allowance compensates for the overall cost of living difference of +28.06% and the relative difference in hardship of 0%.

Example 2) A British employee with a net spendable salary of £18,000 moving from London to Mumbai where the employer will provide housing and education

Note: Because the Cost of Living Index is negative it is not applied.

(£18,000.00 X 1 X 1.3 X 67.2852) less (£18,000.00 X67.2852) = COLA of 363,340.32 Indian Rupee

Based on all the above factors a person would require a Cost of Living Allowance of 363,340.32 (INR ), in addition to their current salary of £18,000.00 British Pound (GBP ) to compensate for relocating from London to Mumbai. This Cost of Living Allowance compensates for the overall cost of living difference of [-30.53%] and the relative difference in hardship of 30%.

COLA Payment

The COLA is paid as a salary supplement (i.e. as an additional allowance) net of tax in the host country. If the COLA is a taxable allowance in the host country it should be grossed up in order that the full amount of calculated COLA is paid net of tax given that the basis of the calculation is Net Spendable Salary. The COLA is often accompanied by other allowances and benefits such as flights home, relocation / settling in allowance, and furnishing allowance.

Exchange Rate Fluctuations

Significant changes in the exchange rate can make a considerable difference in the COLA calculation. In 2008 some of the major global exchange rates changed by as much as 30-40%.

The cost of living index reflects the changes caused by inflation and exchange rates. In the short-term there may be disequilibrium between inflation and the exchange rate (the one pushes the other), however over time the cost of living index provides the most accurate view of the cost of living.

It is important to remind expatriates that when the cost of living difference is negative, and the negative value has not been applied, they have higher purchasing power in the host country than they would at home.

Where a negative cost of living index has not been applied (our recommended approach), and a change in the exchange rate indicates an upward adjustment in COLA may be required, it is recommended that the COLA should not be adjusted upward until the cost of living index becomes positive i.e. the cost of living reflects that there is a “real” increase in cost of living between home and host countries. This may mean that their would be no increase in the COLA as a result of exchange rate fluctuations for some considerable time. During this time the employee’s purchasing power decreases. But it is important to remember that until the cost of living difference becomes positive, the individual will still have a higher purchasing power than they do in their home country.

It is advisable to stipulate a currency protection rule, rather than reacting to every fluctuation in the exchange rate. For example the rule may state that COLA will be reviewed if exchange rates or local inflation move by more than +10% during a year. It is important to keep in mind that the prices of goods and services are unlikely to drop in local currency. This would only occur in a period of deflation (negative inflation). Therefore the currency protection rule would normally make provision for upward adjustments in COLA and not downward adjustments during an employee’s assignment. Downward adjustments to an existing COLA due to exchange rate fluctuations without a corresponding drop in the prices of local goods and services puts immense pressure on an employee’s host currency budget commitments and can lead to the employee experiencing financial difficulty.

Using an independent service provider provides an independent, objective basis for determining an employee’s COLA.

We recommend therefore that a COLA is calculated by applying the specific (customized) cost of living index to the net spendable salary at the beginning of the assignment and monitoring exchange rate fluctuations thereafter in addition to the annual salary review.



By: Steven Coleman

About the Author:

Jared Holliday

Old School Walleye Fishing Family Secrets

This statistic has been documented on many fishing surveys. There have been many fishing surveys published that show fishing for walleye with live bait accounts for over 2/3thrds of all walleyes that are caught on a walleye rod and reel combo. Many of the die hard walleye anglers who claim they use artificial lures for walleyes 90% of the time, will still put live bait on their lures when the walleye fishing gets slow.

There are many walleye live baits that work well, but the best The best baits for walleye include minnows and other small fish, night crawlers and leeches. In some unique walleye habitat situations at different times of the year, other kinds of baits such as water dogs and frogs will work, but the majority of the time they won’t produce like the old reliables.

Live bait used for walleye fishing are not always available all year round. Leeches one of the old dependable fishing for walleye live baits, cannot be used if the temperature of the water is below 50degrees. For one you won’t find any in the bait shops because leeches are not active when the water is cold and will not swim into the leech traps. You will find only a few bait shop dealers who will keep shiner minnows during the summer months because they die quickly in the dealers tanks and in the fishermen’s minnow buckets.

The first thing you need to do when you are making live bait selection for walleye is to determine what live baits work in the different seasons. Although night crawlers are a poor choice for a bait selection to fish for walleye in the spring time when the season changes to summer night crawlers are one one of the best baits to use to catch walleyes. You can use minnows for walleye fishing in the spring and in the fall, but they are poor choice to use in the summer.

Selecting the right type of minnow is important at certain times of the year. For example, during the spring time shiner minnows is a good live bait choice and will produce better the some other species of minnows such as redtail chubs. In the fall season shiners are a poor choice for a live bait selection to fish for walleye while a redtail chub would be an excellent choice. It’s a good idea to check with your local bait shop to find out what live baits work best to catch walleye in that area.

There has been discussion by many fisherman that ribbon leaches are the best live bait for walleye.Leaches are an excellent bait because because they swim, and squirm constantly after they are placed on the hook when the temperature is above 50deg. They are not a good choice in cold water because they are not active at temperatures below 50degs.

Make sure the live bait you use choose to fish for walleye, it is active and lively. When walleyes are really biting you can get by with a half dead minnow or chewed-up night crawler, but a struggling minnow or squirming crawler will normally catch more fish.



By: mark fleagle

About the Author:

Kimberly